CTNOW: Connecticut Events, Concerts, Attractions, Family Fun and More. Psychology - Wikipedia. Psychology is the study of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion (affect), intelligence, phenomenology, motivation (conation), brain functioning, and personality. Log in with either your Library Card Number or EZ Login. Library ID (No Spaces!) or EZ Username Last Name or EZ Password. Adam and Peter Lanza on a hike when Adam was about ten. As a child, Peter says, Adam was “just a normal little weird kid.” Credit Background photograph from AP. All the latest news, reviews, pictures and video on culture, the arts and entertainment. From a nondescript office building in St. Petersburg, Russia, an army of well-paid “trolls” has tried to wreak havoc all around the.The earliest instances of what might today be called genetic algorithms appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s, programmed on computers by evolutionary biologists. This extends to interaction between people, such as interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some. Psychology has been described as a . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e. Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas. This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John Watson, who in his 1. Also since James defined it, the term more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle (especially in his De Anima treatise). This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation, as well as techniques for focused thinking and acting. It frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on yin. Chinese scholarship focused on the brain advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western- educated Fang Yizhi (1. Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and insomnia, and advanced a theory of hemispheric lateralization in brain function. A central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness. Yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal. Much of the Sanskrit corpus was suppressed under the British East India Company followed by the British Raj in the 1. However, Indian doctrines influenced Western thinking via the Theosophical Society, a New Age group which became popular among Euro- American intellectuals. In Germany, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1. Christian Wolff identified psychology as its own science, writing Psychologia empirica in 1. Psychologia rationalis in 1. This notion advanced further under Immanuel Kant, who established the idea of anthropology, with psychology as an important subdivision. However, Kant explicitly and notoriously rejected the idea of experimental psychology, writing that . However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, establishing the psychological laboratory which brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated in part by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry, and its successful investigation of the elements and structure of material. Stanley Hall who studied with Wundt, formed a psychology lab at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, which became internationally influential. Hall, in turn, trained Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the Imperial University of Tokyo. Catell, who also studied with eugenicist Francis Galton, went on to found the Psychological Corporation. Wittmer focused on mental testing of children; Scott, on selection of employees. Structuralism sought to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of introspection. In 1. 89. 0 James wrote an influential book, The Principles of Psychology, which expanded on the realm of structuralism, memorably described the human . This approach is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than breaking down thoughts and behavior into smaller elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintained that whole of experience is important, and differs from the sum of its parts. Other 1. 9th- century contributors to the field include the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneer in the experimental study of memory, who developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting at the University of Berlin. The first meeting of the International Congress of Psychology took place in Paris, in August 1. World's Fair celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. William James was one of three Americans among the four hundred attendees. The American Psychological Association was founded soon after, in 1. The International Congress continued to be held, at different locations in Europe, with wider international participation. The Sixth Congress, Geneva 1. Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as Esperanto. After a hiatus for World War I, the Seventh Congress met in Oxford, with substantially greater participation from the war- victorious Anglo- Americans. In 1. 92. 9, the Congress took place at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, attended by hundreds of members of the American Psychological Association. University of Michigan psychologist Dorwin Cartwright reported that university researchers began large- scale propaganda research in 1. In the 1. 95. 0s, the Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation collaborated with the Central Intelligence Agency to fund research on psychological warfare. Freudian psychoanalysts were expelled and persecuted under the anti- Jewish policies of the Nazi Party, and all psychologists had to distance themselves from Freud and Adler. This psychotherapy aimed to align suitable Germans with the overall goals of the Reich; as described by one physician: . Alexander Mitscherlich founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called Psyche and with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. In 1. 97. 0, psychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students. Thus, university psychology departments trained large numbers of students, for whom positions were made available at schools, workplaces, cultural institutions, and in the military. An especial focus was pedology, the study of child development, regarding which Lev Vygotsky became a prominent writer. Luria, and Aron Zalkind) were denounced; Ivan Pavlov (posthumously) and Stalin himself were aggrandized as heroes of Soviet psychology. There emerged a new field called . Interdisciplinary studies became popular and scholars such as Georgy Shchedrovitsky developed systems theory approaches to human behavior. Chinese psychologists were encouraged to focus on education and language learning, with the aspiration that education would enable modernization and nationalization. John Dewey, who lectured to Chinese audiences in 1. Chancellor T'sai Yuan- p'ei introduced him at Peking University as a greater thinker than Confucius. Kuo Zing- yang who received a Ph. D at the University of California, Berkeley, became President of Zhejiang University and popularized behaviorism. Chinese psychologists elaborated on Lenin's model of a . They developed a concept of . In 1. 95. 1 the Academy created a Psychology Research Office, which in 1. Institute of Psychology. Most leading psychologists were educated in the United States, and the first concern of the Academy was re- education of these psychologists in the Soviet doctrines. Child psychology and pedagogy for nationally cohesive education remained a central goal of the discipline. This organization became the International Council of Women Psychologists after World War II, and the International Council of Psychologists in 1. Several associations including the Association of Black Psychologists and the Asian American Psychological Association have arisen to promote non- European racial groups in the profession. Some of these divisions, such as the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the American Psychology. It holds the Interamerican Congress of Psychology and had 1. The European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations, founded in 1. At least 3. 0 other international groups organize psychologists in different regions. Parapsychology, hypnotism, and psychism were major topics of the early International Congresses. But students of these fields were eventually ostractized, and more or less banished from the Congress in 1. Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn's 1. Skeptics have suggested that personality, thinking, and emotion, cannot be directly measured and are often inferred from subjective self- reports, which may be problematic. Experimental psychologists have devised a variety of ways to indirectly measure these elusive phenomenological entities. Critics inside and outside the field have argued that mainstream psychology has become increasingly dominated by a .
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |